The Bay Of Pigs Invasion. Essays (4081 words) -

The Bay of Pigs Invasion. The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs is one of mismanagement, overconfidence, and lack of security. The blame for the failure of the operation falls directly in the lap of the Central Intelligence Agency and a young president and his advisors. The fall out from the invasion caused a rise in tension between the two great superpowers and ironically 34 years after the event, the person that the invasion meant to topple, Fidel Castro, is still in power. To understand the origins of the invasion and its ramifications for the future it is first necessary to look at the invasion and its origins. Part I: The Invasion and its Origins. The Bay of Pigs invasion of April 1961, started a few days before on April 15th with the bombing of Cuba by what appeared to be defecting Cuban air force pilots. At 6 a.m. in the morning of that Saturday, three Cuban military bases were bombed by B-26 bombers. The airfields at Camp Libertad, San Antonio de los Baos and Antonio Maceo airport at Santiago de Cuba were fired upon. Seven people were killed at Libertad and forty-seven people were killed at other sites on the island. Two of the B-26s left Cuba and flew to Miami, apparently to defect to the United States. The Cuban Revolutionary Council, the government in exile, in New York City released a statement saying that the bombings in Cuba were ". . . carried out by 'Cubans inside Cuba' who were 'in contact with' the top command of the Revolutionary Council . . . ." The New York Times reporter covering the story alluded to something being wrong with the whole situation when he wondered how the council knew the pilots were coming if the pilots had only decided to leave Cuba on Thursday after " . . . a suspected betrayal by a fellow pilot had precipitated a plot to strike . . . ." Whatever the case, the planes came down in Miami later that morning, one landed at Key West Naval Air Station at 7:00 a.m. and the other at Miami International Airport at 8:20 a.m. Both planes were badly damaged and their tanks were nearly empty. On the front page of The New York Times the next day, a picture of one of the B-26s was shown along with a picture of one of the pilots cloaked in a baseball hat and hiding behind dark sunglasses, his name was withheld. A sense of conspiracy was even at this early stage beginning to envelope the events of that week. In the early hours of April 17th the assault on the Bay of Pigs began. In the true cloak and dagger spirit of a movie, the assault began at 2 a.m. with a team of frogmen going ashore with orders to set up landing lights to indicate to the main assault force the precise location of their objectives, as well as to clear the area of anything that may impede the main landing teams when they arrived. At 2:30 a.m. and at 3:00 a.m. two battalions came ashore at Playa Gir?n and one battalion at Playa Larga beaches. The troops at Playa Gir?n had orders to move west, northwest, up the coast and meet with the troops at Playa Larga in the middle of the bay. A small group of men were then to be sent north to the town of Jaguey Grande to secure it as well. When looking at a modern map of Cuba it is obvious that the troops would have problems in the area that was chosen for them to land at. The area around the Bay of Pigs is a swampy marsh land area which would be hard on the troops. The Cuban forces were quick to react and Castro ordered his T-33 trainer jets, two Sea Furies, and two B-26s into the air to stop the invading forces. Off the coast was the command and control ship and another vessel carrying supplies for the invading forces. The Cuban air force made quick work of the supply ships, sinking the command vessel the Marsopa and the supply ship the Houston, blasting them to pieces with five-inch rockets. In the end the 5th battalion was lost, which was on the Houston, as well as the supplies for the landing teams and eight other smaller vessels. With some of the invading forces' ships destroyed, and no command and control ship, the logistics of the operation soon broke down as the other

World War I - Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front

World War I - Battle of Caporetto on the Italian Front Battle of Caporetto - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Caporetto was fought October 24-November 19, 1917, during World War I (1914-1918). Armies Commanders Italians General Luigi CadornaGeneral Luigi Capello15 divisions, 2213 guns Central Powers General Otto von BelowGeneral Svetozar Boroevic25 divisions, 2,200 guns Battle of Caporetto - Background: With the conclusion of the Eleventh Battle of Isonzo in September 1917, Austro-Hungarian forces were nearing the point of collapse in the area around Gorizia. Faced with this crisis, Emperor Charles I sought aid from his German allies. Though the Germans felt that the war would be won on the Western Front, they agreed to provide troops and support for a limited offensive designed to throw the Italians back across the Isonzo River and, if possible, past the Tagliamento River. For this purpose, the composite Austro-German Fourteenth Army was formed under the command of General Otto von Below. Battle of Caporetto - Preparations: In September, the Italian commander-in-chief, General Luigi Cadorna, became aware that an enemy offensive was in the offing. As a result, he ordered the commanders of the Second and Third Armies, Generals Luigi Capello and Emmanuel Philibert, to begin preparing defenses in depth to meet any attack. Having issued these orders, Cadorna failed to see that they were obeyed and instead began an inspection tour of other fronts which lasted until October 19. On the Second Army front, Capello did little as he preferred to plan for an offensive in the Tolmino area. Further weakening Cadornas situation was an insistence on keeping the bulk of the two armies troops on the east bank of the Isonzo despite the fact that the enemy still held crossings to the north. As a result, these troops were in prime position to be cut off by an Austro-German attack down the Isonzo Valley. In addition, the Italian reserves on the west bank were placed too far to the rear to rapidly aid the front lines. For the upcoming offensive, Below intended to launch the main assault with the Fourteenth Army from a salient near Tolmino. This was to be supported by secondary attacks to the north and south, as well as by an offensive near the coast by General Svetozar Boroevics Second Army. The assault was to be preceded by a heavy artillery bombardment as well as the use of poison gas and smoke. Also, Below intended to employ a substantial number of storm troopers which were to use infiltration tactics to pierce the Italian lines. With planning complete, Below began shifting his troops into place. This done, the offensive commenced with the opening bombardment which began before dawn on October 24. Battle of Caporetto - The Italians Routed: Caught by complete surprise, Capellos men suffered badly from the shelling and gas attacks. Advancing between Tolmino and Plezzo, Belows troops were able to quickly shatter the Italian lines and began driving west. Bypassing Italian strong points, the Fourteenth Army advanced over 15 miles by nightfall. Surrounded and isolated, the Italian posts in its rear were reduced in the coming days. Elsewhere, the Italian lines held and were able to turn back Belows secondary attacks, while the Third Army held Boroevic in check (Map). Despite these minor successes, Belows advance threatened the flanks of the Italian troops to the north and south. Alerted to the enemy breakthrough, Italian morale elsewhere on the front began to plummet. Though Capello recommended a withdrawal to the Tagliamento on the 24th, Cadorna refused and worked to rescue the situation. It was not until a few days later, with Italian troops in full retreat that Cadorna was forced to accept that a movement to the Tagliamento was inevitable. At this point, vital time had been lost and Austro-Germans forces were in close pursuit. On October 30, Cadorna ordered his men to cross the river and establish a new defensive line. This effort took four days and was quickly thwarted when German troops established a bridgehead over the river on November 2. By this point, the stunning success of Belows offensive began to hinder operations as the Austro-German supply lines were unable to keep up with the speed of the advance. With the enemy slowing, Cadorna ordered a further retreat to the Piave River on November 4. Though large numbers of Italian troops had been captured in the fighting, the bulk of his troops from the Isonzo region were able to form a strong line behind the river by November 10. A deep, wide river, the Piave finally brought the Austro-German advance to an end. Lacking the supplies or equipment for an attack across the river, they elected to dig in. Battle of Caporetto - Aftermath: The fighting at the Battle of Caporetto cost the Italians around 10,000 killed, 20,000 wounded, and 275,000 captured. Austro-German casualties numbered around 20,000. One of the few clear victories of World War I, Caporetto saw the Austro-German forces advance around 80 miles and reach a position from which they could strike at Venice. In the wake of the defeat, Cadorna was removed as chief of staff and replaced with General Armando Diaz. With their allys forces badly wounded, the British and French sent five and six divisions respectively to bolster the Piave River line. Austro-German attempts to cross the Piave that fall were turned back as were attacks against Monte Grappa. Though a massive defeat, Caporetto rallied the Italian nation behind the war effort. Within a few months the losses of material had been replaced and the army quickly recovered its strength through the winter of 1917/1918. Selected Sources First World War: Battle of CaporettoHistory of War: Battle of Caporetto

Olympic Games in London 2012 Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Olympic Games in London 2012 - Term Paper Example LOCOG has conducted a number of pilot tests prior to the official launch of the event and those were focused to ensure that the general public transport and working routine does not get affected by the event. For this purpose walking tracks have been established that would lead to the sports park and would avoid large lanes of traffic in form of visitors visiting the place. Manuals and city maps are being spread online and at the local level. The Daily Telegraph reported a large number of bookings from the visitors in advance who are bound to visit the city during the event. For the entire purpose London Transport Plan ( 2nd edition) was released in 2009 which took into consideration factors like passengers routes, visitors stay, businesses and motels handling and all other factors that were necessary to be taken into account (LOCOG, 2010). The entire project was split into various sections that lasted for a particular period.Between 2007 and 2011 the development process was named as â€Å"Building the stage† which included establishing the infrastructure of the entire event taking into consideration all the variables involved. (LOCOG, 2012) while the second part (2011 onwards plan) constituted the final touches and enabling the successful organization of the event. The internal environment includes the gigantic sports stadium arena termed the Sports park can accommodate over 80 thousand spectators at one time. It is the first Olympic even that will be HD-TV supported. It has a separate broadcast center that will have the capacity for over 20 thousand media representatives. For ensuring error proof performance and event organization, a number of pilot events were organized in a bid to analyze the level of preparation. The management team needs to facilitate not just the organizers and media person but the athletes as well. For this purpose effective strategy has been devised that will meet the needs. The Risk factor consideration is also taken into account and impact of various issues on the mega event. LOCOG board has established a panel for this purpose that involves the active participation of senior management for mitigating the risks.

Major Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Major Project - Research Paper Example Wisconsin in February 2011 fell under a dispute of collective bargaining and budget deficit. The governor of the state, Scott Walker introduced a bill regarding the budget shortage of $3.6 billion over the subsequent two fiscal years and said that it would be overcome if certain measures were followed. The governor in order to balance the budget deficit of the state proposed to confiscate collective bargaining from the public sector employees. The negotiation would only be restricted to their wages but it would only be increased up to consumer price index. The employees need to contribute more for pension and medical benefits but there would be no bargaining power. The employees in their working period had made a few contributions for pension benefits and now it is not possible to remove such benefits. The unions were of the opinion that the issue was a political attack to weaken the substantial support of the government workers from the public employee union. However, the government said that they were just conducting their duty for the welfare of the state otherwise the state would suffer from budget pitfall. If such proposal is approved, then it would affect the government workers, teachers, nurses and various other professionals. However, the government had decided to prepare the ultimate proposal related to the collective bargaining and would not accept the proposal of union members. The governor was of the opinion that stripping the public employees of the rights of collective bargaining and restraining the subjects of basic wages would provide the state a flexibility regarding the finances to be attained in sequence and also spare the tax payers from misery (Williams, 2011). These types of issues can be solved by logical obligation of cost on each side. Such issue can arise in any situation in the state but it would need to be solved by negotiating, taking into concern the welfare of both sides. The eligible public employees are also required for the gov ernment sector. Thus, the favorable decisions from the part of government are important for heartening the employees. This type of union is organized in order to improve the public service related to their improvement of wages, general welfare, working conditions and collaboration between employees and employers (Public Employee Union Local 1, n.d.). The collective bargaining right was given to the employees by law. The governor of a state suddenly could not remove such right of bargaining power from the employees. The paper covers the historical context of public employee union by citing examples. In this paper, the entire dispute of Wisconsin and their results has been discussed. Finally, the summary of the paper is discussed with critical analysis of both negative and positive basis. 2.0 History of Public Employee Unions Labor unions have been termed as "private combinations of workingmen" that endeavors to raise wages and boost the working conditions of the union members. The jo bs of Government constituted the ‘healthy’ part of structured labor where outside competition provides little or no discipline against union incompetence, privilege and price. In 1960, the union members were 900,000 which became 4 million by 1970, 6 million by 1976 and in the

Consider the marriage proposals in Essay Example for Free

Consider the marriage proposals in Essay Consider the marriage proposals in Pride and Prejudice and what we learned about the characters and the early 19th Century society in which they lived in. During Pride and Prejudice there are six examples of marriage proposals to consider. Throughout this essay I am going to be commenting on the proposals between Mr Darcy and Lizzie the first time, Mr Collins and Lizzie, Mr Collins and Charlotte as well as Mr Bingley and Jane, Wickham and Lydia and the second proposal of Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Whilst looking at these proposals I will also be analysing the aspects of Love, Money, the relative status and class and the views of others, which might have influence within these proposals. The first proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Darcy to Lizzie. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie in Kent at Mr Collins and Charlottes house when Lizzie was visiting them for a few weeks and Mr Darcy was staying with Lady Catherine De Bourgh, his aunt. Mr Darcy and Lizzie were first acquainted with one another at Netherfields, which is the neighbouring estate to Longbourne, Lizzies family house. They met at a ball, which was held by the new lodger Mr Bingley at Netherfields, and Mr Darcy was there as a friend of Mr Bingleys who hosting the ball for his new arrival to the village. Lizzie and Darcy didnt get on at first as Lizzie thought he was arrogant and unsociable. But Mr Darcys dislike for Lizzie gradually grew to love for her. It seems that the continuation of this dislike was all a cover for his real feelings as he did not want to love or marry a woman who was beneath him in every state, money and status and especially the views of others would of discouraged him to act upon his feelings for Lizzie as he was thought of as much more superior to Lizzie and her family and at that time it was thought of as wrong or unheard of to marry someone beneath you. Mr Darcy did not only hide his feelings from Lizzie he also tried to hide them from himself. Mr Darcy gets to a stage where he cant avoid his feelings for Lizzie anymore so he decides to act upon them because Lizzie is so beneath him he assumes that Lizzie will have no other option but to accept his proposal as he feels that she cant resist him as he has enough money and class to set her up for life. Mr Darcy says to Lizzie. In vain I have struggled. It will not do. My feelings for you cannot be repressed. You must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you. However to Mr Darcys surprise Lizzie refuses his proposal as she will only marry for love and she doesnt love Mr Darcy and she also is outraged with Mr Darcy at the insults towards her family. Just before the proposal Lizzie also found out that Mr Darcy had separated her sister and her love, Mr Bingley by persuading him to move back to London, which infuriates Lizzie even more. Lizzie says to Mr Darcy. You are mistaken, Mr Darcy, if you suppose that he mode of your declaration affected me in any other way, than as it spared me the concern which I might have felt in refusing you, had you behaved in a more gentlemen like manner. This quotation showed how much Lizzie really despised him at that moment in time by questioning his gentlemen like manner, which was a big thing for men in those days. The second proposal I am going to look at is Mr Collins to Lizzie. Mr Collins proposed to Lizzie at Longbourne, the family estate. Mr Collins was a clergyman to Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Mr Collins asked Lizzie to marry him as Lady Catherine De Bourgh requested him too and as he is a clergyman he is expected to marry. Mr Collins also wants to marry her for the sake of her family, as Mr Collins is the closest male relative to Mr Bennet being his cousin, which meant that when Mr Bennet died Mr Collins would inherit Longbourne estate and Mrs Bennet and the girls would be kicked out of their own house so by marrying Lizzie they would become a proper family meaning he wouldnt have to kick the rest of the Bennet family out. Mr Collins goes into the kitchen to talk to Lizzie. Lizzie knows Mr Collins will try and propose to her so she tries to get out of being alone with him but Mrs Bennet orders Lizzie to stay and talk to Mr Collins. Mr Collins tries to get Lizzies attention but Lizzie is trying desperately not to acknowledge him. Believe me, my dear Miss Elizabeth, that your modesty so far from doing you any disserve, rather adds to your perfections. Mr Collins takes Lizzies resistance the wrong way as he thinks Lizzie is trying to be modest where as Lizzie is actually trying to get out of this proposal before Mr Collins makes anymore a fool of himself. Even still Mr Collins carries on with the proposal assuming that Lizzie will accept his hand in marriage. Lizzie then says after much need for an answer. You are too hasty- you forget I have made no answer. Lizzie has become very irritated by Mr Collins at this stage, but Mr Collins is still not happy with this answer so he goes to find Mrs Bennet. Mr Collins explains the situation to Mrs Bennet and she is furious with Lizzie for turning down his marriage proposal and tries to reassure Mr Collins that she will change her mind. Lizzie shall be brought to reason. I will speak to her about it myself directly. She is a very headstrong foolish girl and does not know her own interest, but I will make her know it. This quotation shows how infuriated Mrs Bennet is with Lizzie as she turned down such an opportunity. Mrs Bennet is a very shallow woman as she wants her daughters married off as soon as possible because in those days it was thought the sooner all your daughters were married the better they were brought up or the more successful mother you had been. Mrs Bennet speaks to Lizzie about it but she is persistent she doesnt want to marry Mr Collins, as she does not love him, she doesnt have any affection for him. Mrs Bennet talks to Mr Bennet about the proposal to try and get Lizzie to marry Mr Collins but Mr Bennet is also against the wedding. In this proposal money doesnt really play a part as Lizzie and Mr Collins are of about the same wealth. Love plays no role, as neither of them loves another although Mr Collins has great affection for Lizzie. Status plays a minuet role as Mr Collins has contacts, which are high up in society, but this is not enough for Lizzie. The views of others plays the biggest role in this proposal as Mr Collins only looked for a wife in the first place as he was told to be his patron, Lady Catherine De Bourgh. Mrs Bennet also was for the wedding, as she wanted her daughter to be married. The third proposal is Mr Collins to Charlotte. Mr Collins proposes to Charlotte as he wanted a wife and was turned down by Lizzie. He wants a wife because his patron, Lady Catherine De Bourgh requested him to get one, who is not too rich or pretty just a nice friendly woman who she can get along with and invite over for tea or dinner. After the refusal from Lizzie Mr Collins felt awkward staying with the Bennets so when he was invited to stay with Charlotte and her family who was Lizzies best friend he jumped at the chance. Charlotte was very happy about the new arrangements, as she was 27 years old and not married so in those days she was considered as on the shelf which meant this could be her last chance of marriage. Mr Collins proposed to Charlotte at Lucas Lodge, her family home. Charlotte accepted without any hesitation and couldnt wait to make her news known. She went to tell her best friend, Lizzie first but Lizzie didnt approve, as she knew her friend did not love him but Charlotte aired her opinions to her. I am not romantic, you know, I never was I ask only a comfortable home; and considering Mr Collins character, connections and situation in life, I am convinced that my chance of happiness with him is as fair as most people can boast when entering the marriage state. This quotation proves that Charlotte did not marry Mr Collins for love she married him for security. Lizzie is not satisfied with this but congratulates her still. When Mrs Bennet hears the news doesnt believe it as she still thinks Mr Collins still wants to marry Lizzie. God Lord! Sir William, how can you tell such a story? Do you not know that Mr Collins wants to marry Lizzie. Mrs Bennet is very upset that Mr Collins has got engaged to Charlotte rather than Lizzie. In this proposal love doesnt play any role for either of them and status doesnt as they are of about the same class although Mr Collins has higher society connections than Charlotte. Money doesnt influence the marriage, as there are both of about the same wealth where as the influence of others does as he is told be his patrons to find a wife. The next proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Bingley to Jane. Mr Bingley and Jane where a love match from the beginning of the book, when Mr Bingley moved into Netherfields, the neighbouring estate to Longbourne. Their love was blossoming until his best friend Mr Darcy talked Mr Bingley as he felt it was in his best interest. But Mr Bingley and Jane were united again when Mr Darcy saw the error of his ways, thanks to Lizzie Janes sister. The proposal took place in Longbourne estate. Mr Bingley after a few visits since after moving back asks Jane to take his hand in marriage however the actual proposal is not written in the book. Jane is ecstatic about the news and tells Lizzie. I am certainly the most fortunate creature that ever existed! Oh Lizzy, why am I thus singled from my family, and blessed above them all! If I could but see you as happy! This quotation shows how happy Jane is about the marriage but it also shows even though she is so happy she is still sparing thought for her family, as she wants them to be as happy as she is. In this proposal love plays a very big role as that is what drives the relationship forward to marriage, status doesnt play a role although Mr Bingley is of a much higher class than Jane I think their love for each other conquers this. Money doesnt play a role in this, as Jane isnt interested in his money even though he has much more wealth than her. The influence of others does help them as everyone is for the marriage as they can see the true love between them. After Mr Bingley has left Jane speaks to her father about the marriage. Jane I congratulate you. You will be a very happy woman. This quotation proves the support for the wedding from Janes family and it also proves that Mr Bennet has great admiration for Mr Bingley. The next proposal I am going to analyse is Wickham and Lydia. Lydia and Wickham run away together. Wickham is only interested in Lydia because he had been turned down by many woman as they realised he was only after their wealth but with Lydia it is different she doesnt have any money. He run away with Lydia because he wanted someone young he could have a good time with. But when Mr Gardiner, Lydias uncle asked him, to marry her he accepted as Mr Gardiner offered to pay off all his debts if he married her as it would redeem some respect towards them from others as they would be married. Mr Gardiner wrote to Mr Bennet to tell him what had happened, later Mr Bennet talked to Jane about the situation. Yes, yes, they must marry. There is nothing else to be done. But there are two things that I want to know: one, how much money your uncle has laid down to bring it about; and the other, how I am I ever to pay him. This quotation shows that Mr Bennet thinks marriage is the right thing to do but is very concerned about how he shall pay back the money to Mr Gardiner. In this proposal love doesnt play a role for Wickham as he doesnt feel any consideration or affection for Lydia but I think Lydia loves Wickham and is perhaps naive enough to think that he loves her back. Money plays a huge role for Wickham as he is only going to marry Lydia for the money he is going to receive from her uncle, which will pay off all his debts it also means that he will be related to Jane and Lizzie who are married to very wealthy men. Status and the views of others play no role for either of them as they ran away together regardless of what other people thought. The last proposal I am going to look at is the second proposal between Mr Darcy and Lizzie. After the refusal of his last proposal Darcy has done all he can to get back into Lizzies good books. He got Mr Bingley and Jane back together after separating them. Mr Darcy was also really hurt by Lizzies remark to him after she refused his hand in marriage. Had you behaved in a more gentlemen like manner. This hurt Mr Darcy as he felt he was a perfect gentlemen but when he looked back at how he behaved towards Lizzie and her family he realised he had behaved appallingly. However Mr Darcy still felt the same about Lizzie he even felt he loved her more and he now thought that nothing else mattered so he decided he would ask Lizzie for her hand in marriage again. Mr Darcy went to visit Lizzie as his aunt, Lady Catherine De Bourgh had come to see her and warn her off from marrying Mr Darcy although Lizzie didnt intend too as she thought all feelings for her from Mr Darcy were over by then. Lady Catherine De Bourgh tried to stop Lizzie from marrying Mr Darcy. You are determined to ruin him in the opinion of all his friends, and him the contempt of the world. Lizzie was agitated at such a comment as she had no intention in marrying Mr Darcy as she had not spoken to Mr Darcy for months but this made her think about her real feelings for Darcy, she discovered that from hate she had started to like Mr Darcy even love him. Mr Darcy proposed to Lizzie on a lane outside her house. Lizzie accepted his proposal and showed remorse for how she treated him in the past. Mr Darcy was overwhelmed by her answer. The happiness which this reply was such as he had probably never felt before, and he expressed himself on the occasion as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do! This quotation shows how strongly Mr Darcy felt for Lizzie, as he was so happy from her acceptance in his hand of marriage. Lizzie was so excited by the marriage that she went and told her family straight away. She spoke to Mr Bennet and he wasnt so sure if Lizzie loved Mr Darcy as it wasnt so long ago she hated him, he wanted to make sure that Lizzie wasnt marrying him for his or her mothers sake. My child let me not have the grief of seeing you unable to respect your partner in life. You know not what you are about. This quotation is basically Mr Bennet saying to Lizzie that it might be great at the moment but make sure you still will feel the same way in the later future as he is saying that he doesnt want her to end up like him not respecting his partner, Mrs Bennet. This shows how protective Mr Bennet is over Lizzie, as he only wants her to marry if she is sure it is the right thing to do. In this proposal love plays a big role as it alimented all the other aspects as they loved each other so much in the end that it didnt matter how much money they had, what status they were and they definitely didnt care what other people thought about the marriage especially as Mr Darcy was disowned by his aunt Lady Catherine De Bourgh due to his marriage to Lizzie. But Mr Bennet and the family where very pleased for Lizzie as they knew it was for love. Lizzie and Jane had a joint wedding, which made it more special for both of them. In the 19th Century marriage was thought of as a must for women and if you were over the age of 26 years old you were considered as on the shelf, which made it hard for woman to get married over that age. There were also many issues that a woman had to think about before they got married, whether they were in love which wasnt a major issue but it was though of as a bonus if they were. Money and status played a huge role in deciding who to marry, rich men went for women of the same class or a bit higher which made it difficult for woman of a lower class or without much wealth to marry a wealthier or higher classed man. It was thought of as unethical to marry someone beneath you in any state. The influence of others played a big role in those days as people were put under a lot of pressure to get married as soon as possible and to someone higher up the society ladder. As you can see the attitudes to marriage in the 19th Century in which these characters lived in is very different to the attitudes in which we live in today.

Violence is Caused by Cultural Diversities :: Diversity Culture Religion Essays

Violence is Caused by Cultural Diversities In today’s complex society the evidence of a variety of religions is more apparent than ever. Religion is the service and worship of God or the supernatural. Although in its broadest sense religion is simply the expression of a relationship with a supreme power, people have always made religion a formal process. Satellite communications have brought to our attention the diversity of culture as well as religion. We read and witness on a daily basis the conflicts that are a result of different religious beliefs. In order to understand the complexities of the worlds major religions, we need to examine their basic beliefs. Those who believe in one supreme being or God, have a monotheistic religion; those who believe in more than one supreme being adopts a polytheistic religion. Within these two broad classifications, religions can be separated into four categories: the religious savages; the religions of primitive culture, such as those of ancient Mexico, Peru, and the South Sea Islands; the religions of advanced culture, such as were practiced in Egypt, Assyria, Babylon, Greece and Rome; and the religions that are co-extensive with our life such as Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Judaism, and Mohammedanism. Worship of such things as stars, the sun and moon, rivers, trees, and spirits of ancestors, as well as the practice of magic, are characteristic of the first two groups. Mythology is a factor in the religions of the third group. The religions of the last group deal with morals and manner of living, and a man’s relation with the spiritual divine; thus these religions exert a tremendous influence on the world of today. Catholicism is the practice, faith, or system of Catholic Christianity. Catholic Christianity is forming the ancient undivided Christian Church or a church claiming historical continuity from it. Catholic Christianity is a belief in God that is very popular all over the world. Until the Reformation of the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants were the only important Christian organization in Europe.

Gender Roles in Jeopardy

Erica Ahern Eng 102-09 Essay 3 November 4, 2009 Gender Roles in Jeopardy Traditional gender roles are being threatened in today’s economy, the out-dated stereotype that men are better workers than women is now absurd. Although, the stereotype that women can take care of the household better than men has not changed. For as long as human behavior has been documented there have been strict ideals of the different gender roles in parenting.These hunter and gatherer sub sequential gender responsibilities have fundamentally defined what the correct social position for men and women are, yet recently in some households those traditional gender roles have become reversed. The Movie â€Å"Daddy Day Care† is about the plight of a man named Charlie, played by Eddie Murphy, who is laid off at his job when the health division in his company is shut down. Charlie had worked in product development at a large food company, and was the main provider for his family.Charlie’s unfo rtunate employment situation left his wife with the responsibility as breadwinner of the household. Due to the new financial strain put on his family and no job possibilities on the horizon he and his friend Phil, played by Jeff Garlin, are forced to take their sons out of an exclusive program called The Chapman Academy and become stay at home fathers. Desperate for money, Charlie opens up a day care center, which offers reasonable pricing and flexible hours. Unfortunately for Charlie his business doesn’t exactly take off with the popularity he had expected it too.Charlie thought that with his tremendous competitive rates that he would have an overwhelming starting success. Unfortunately for Charlie and his friend Phil their potential customers were very patronizing about two men taking care of their children, due to this typically being a woman’s occupation. The idea that women are better than men at maintaining a household and carrying out domestic responsibilities i s rebutted by Laura Vanderkam in her article â€Å"What Moms Can Learn From Dads; Stay-at-home Men Find More Time for Leisure, Less Time for Chores and Present a Healthier Picture of Domestic Life. Vanderkam’s article makes a point to explain that as more men are taking on the primary parenting role, that research has shown that they are undertaking the household responsibilities better than the more traditional families today. (Vanderkam 1). She conveys that with men, domestic work and child care are considered two separate jobs. That men believe that the task of caring for children is reasonably different from doing the housework. (Vanderkam 2). Men are seeming to have a better strategy for dividing the responsibilities with their spouses, and giving themselves more time for leisure.Peg Tyre and Daniel McGinn explain in â€Å"She Works He Doesn’t† that the unemployment rate has recently hit six percent. They explain that several million families are experienc ing dads coming home from work with a severance package, especially white-collar men due to corporate downsizing. Tyre and McGinn also state that women are currently earning more college degrees and M. B. A. s than men, which is making them better equipped to pick up the financial slack. (Tyre 51). Although, gender often shapes the work opportunities and experiences that men and women often have in industrial societies.They also mention, though, that the shift of the wife becoming the breadwinner can be very difficult when families are forced into it. (Tyre 56). It is pointed out in Hilary Potkewitz’s article â€Å"Daddy and Me! ; Newly Jobless Fathers Discover Ups and Downs of Stay-at home Life,† that due to the recession most layoff’s in the New York industry have been male dominated. This predicament leaves more and more men having to undertake the responsibility as primary caregiver to their children. This role can often be intimidating for men due to the fa ct that most child activity networks are more geared towards women guardians. In a world of Mommy and Me groups, breast feeding workshops and ballet classes where the aesthetic is overwhelmingly pink, there are few programs that reach out to fathers. † She explains that fathers new to the role of caregiver are easy to spot due to their lack of experience with pushing strollers, that they often bump them into inanimate objects. (Potkewitz 1). Stay at home dad’s also often feel rejected by nannies and mothers in child care classes, that women make them feel inadequate as primary caregivers. (Potkewitz 2).If a husband loses his job and is having trouble finding work, the wife can be justified in threatening to leave him. However, consider the arbitrary reaction if a husband threatened to leave a wife who was in the exact same predicament. He would probably be crucified. If a man loses his job, the woman is justified in resenting the fact that the financial burden is then t hrust on her. Nevertheless, a man is not permitted to resent this very same dilemma. If a man is laid off and cares for the household and kids, while the wife is working, he can be accused of not pulling his weight.Yet this is exactly the same situation that women demand more recognition for. It's perfectly acceptable for a woman to demand a man make a certain salary, to be deemed â€Å"marriage material†, and provide stability. Likewise, if a man demands the wife do the cooking and cleaning, he can now be labeled a sexist hater of women. If he asks her to carry her weight financially, just like he does, he can be criticized as an inadequate provider. In conclusion, with the recent recession in the economy more men are being laid off of their jobs.With women now becoming more educated and being able to achieve jobs of higher pay and better achieved status than in the past they are now able to assume the role of breadwinner. Women’s and men’s participation in pai d work and the nature of that work often determine their social value, and overall status in society. This reversal of habitual gender roles is slowly becoming more popular, and hopefully more acceptable in today’s society. The ideals of the different gender roles when it comes to parenting are now in jeopardy as women are now earning higher salaries than that of the past.Men are also proving themselves adequate as the caregivers of their children, and reshaping the generic belief that only women can be domesticated. Work Cited Tyre, Peg. McGinn, Daniel â€Å"She Works, He Doesn’t. † The Changing World of Work. Ed. Marjorie Ford. New York: Pearson 2006. 50-58. Potkewitz, Hilary. â€Å"Daddy and Me! ; Newly jobless fathers discover ups and downs of stay-at-home life. † Crain’s New York Business. (March 16, 2009) Vanderkam, Laura. â€Å"What Mom’s Can Learn From Dads; Stay-at home men find more time for leisure, less time for chores and prese nt a healthier picture of domestic life. † USA Today. (June 24, 2008) Ahern